This tutorial explains data encapsulation and de-encapsulation in detail with examples. Learn how data is encapsulated and de-encapsulated when it passes through the layers of OSI and TCP/IP models.

This tutorial explains five layers of TCP/IP model (Application, Transport, Internet or Network, Data Link and Physical) and their functionality in detail.

This tutorial explains similarities and differences between OSI reference model and TCP/IP model in detail. Besides this, it also explains the differences between the original TCP/IP model and the updated TCP/IP model.

This tutorial explains OSI Reference model step by step. Learn the seven layers of OSI model; Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link and Physical in detail along with their functions.

This tutorial explains the advantages and basic purposes of OSI model in detail. Learn why the OSI Model was created along with the purposes and benefits of the OSI model.

This tutorial explains network address, broadcast address and IP address with examples. Learn what network address is, types of network address, how to find the default network address & broadcast address of any IP class along with the network addressing such as unicast, multicast and broadcast in details.

This tutorial explains basic concepts of Subnetting in Computer Networks with examples. Learn what Subnetting is and why we do Subnetting in computer networks along with advantages and disadvantages of Subnetting in detail.

This tutorial explains Subnetting step by step with examples. Learn what IP Subnetting is, Subnetting components such as Network ID, Broadcast ID, network portion, host portion, FLSM, VLSM, Subnetting eligible bits, reserved network bits and host bits including Subnetting rules in detail.

This tutorial explains Subnetting tricks in detail with 50+ Subnetting examples. Subnetting tricks explained in this tutorial not only make Subnetting easier but also allow you to answer any Subnetting related question in less than a minute. Learn Subnetting with examples in easy language.

This tutorial explains VLSM Subnetting in detail with practical examples. Learn what VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masks) Subnetting is and how it is done step by step including the advantages of VLSM Subnetting and the differences between FLSM Subnetting and VLSM Subnetting.